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GROFF(1) General Commands Manual GROFF(1)
NAME
groff - front-end for the groff document formatting system
SYNOPSIS
\*[@arg1]\0\c \ \)\$* \ \)\$* \ \)\$* \ \)\$* \ \)\$* \ \)\$* \ \)\$* \
\)\$* \ \)\$* \ \)\$* \ \)\$* \ \)\$* \ \)\$* \ \)\$* \ \)\$* [file
\)\$*
\*[@arg1]\0\c \)\$* | \)\$*
\*[@arg1]\0\c \)\$* | \)\$* [option \)\$*
The command line is parsed according to the usual GNU convention. The
whitespace between a command line option and its argument is optional.
Options can be grouped behind a single \)\$* (minus character). A
filename of \)\$* (minus character) denotes the standard input.
DESCRIPTION
This document describes the groff program, the main front-end for the
groff document formatting system. The groff program and macro suite is
the implementation of a roff(7) system within the free software
collection The groff system has all features of the classical roff, but
adds many extensions.
The groff program allows to control the whole groff system by command
line options. This is a great simplification in comparison to the
classical case (which uses pipes only).
OPTIONS
As groff is a wrapper program for troff both programs share a set of
options. But the groff program has some additional, native options and
gives a new meaning to some troff options. On the other hand, not all
troff options can be fed into groff.
Native groff Options
The following options either do not exist for troff or are differently
interpreted by groff. \ \ \ \
\f[R]\*[@short]\*[@long]\*[@arg]\f[]
Preprocess with eqn. \ \ \ \
\f[R]\*[@short]\*[@long]\*[@arg]\f[]
Preprocess with grn. \ \ \ \
\f[R]\*[@short]\*[@long]\*[@arg]\f[]
Preprocess with grap. \ \ \ \
\f[R]\*[@short]\*[@long]\*[@arg]\f[]
Print a help message. \ \ \ \
\f[R]\*[@short]\*[@long]\*[@arg]\f[]
This option may be used to specify a directory to search for
files (both those on the command line and those named in .psbb
and .so requests, and \X'ps: import' and \X'ps: file' escapes).
The current directory is always searched first. This option may
be specified more than once; the directories will be searched in
the order specified. No directory search is performed for files
specified using an absolute path. This option implies the \)\$*
option. \ \ \ \
\f[R]\*[@short]\*[@long]\*[@arg]\f[]
Send the output to a spooler program for printing. The command
that should be used for this is specified by the print command
in the device description file, see groff_font(5). If this
command is not present, the output is piped into the lpr(1)
program by default. See options \)\$* and \)\$* \ \ \ \
\f[R]\*[@short]\*[@long]\*[@arg]\f[]
Pass arg to the spooler program. Several arguments should be
passed with a separate \)\$* option each. Note that groff does
not prepend \)\$* (a minus sign) to arg before passing it to the
spooler program. \ \ \ \
\f[R]\*[@short]\*[@long]\*[@arg]\f[]
Don't allow newlines within eqn delimiters. This is the same as
the \)\$* option in eqn. \ \ \ \
\f[R]\*[@short]\*[@long]\*[@arg]\f[]
Preprocess with pic. \ \ \ \
\f[R]\*[@short]\*[@long]\*[@arg]\f[]
\ \ \ \
\f[R]\*[@short]\*[@long]\*[@arg]\f[]
Pass -option or -option arg to the postprocessor. The option
must be specified with the necessary preceding minus sign(s)
\)\$* or \)\$* because groff does not prepend any dashes before
passing it to the postprocessor. For example, to pass a title
to the gxditview postprocessor, the shell command
\)\$*
is equivalent to
\)\$*
\ \ \ \
\f[R]\*[@short]\*[@long]\*[@arg]\f[]
Preprocess with refer. No mechanism is provided for passing
arguments to refer because most refer options have equivalent
language elements that can be specified within the document.
See refer(1) for more details. \ \ \ \
\f[R]\*[@short]\*[@long]\*[@arg]\f[]
Preprocess with soelim. \ \ \ \
\f[R]\*[@short]\*[@long]\*[@arg]\f[]
Safer mode. Pass the \)\$* option to pic and disable the
following troff requests: .open, .opena, .pso, .sy, and .pi.
For security reasons, safer mode is enabled by default. \ \ \ \
\f[R]\*[@short]\*[@long]\*[@arg]\f[]
Preprocess with tbl. \ \ \ \
\f[R]\*[@short]\*[@long]\*[@arg]\f[]
Set output device to dev. For this device, troff generates the
intermediate output; see groff_out(5). Then groff calls a
postprocessor to convert troff's intermediate output to its
final format. Real devices in groff are
dvi TeX DVI format (postprocessor is grodvi).
html HTML output (preprocessors are soelim and
pre-grohtml, postprocessor is post-grohtml).
lbp Canon CAPSL printers (LBP-4 and LBP-8 series laser
printers; postprocessor is grolbp).
lj4 HP LaserJet4 compatible (or other PCL5 compatible)
printers (postprocessor is grolj4).
ps PostScript output (postprocessor is grops).
For the following TTY output devices (postprocessor is always
grotty), \)\$* selects the output encoding:
ascii 7bit ASCII.
cp1047 Latin-1 character set for EBCDIC hosts.
latin1 ISO 8859-1.
utf8 Unicode character set in UTF-8 encoding.
The following arguments select gxditview as the `postprocessor'
(it is rather a viewing program):
X75 75dpi resolution, 10pt document base font.
X75-12 75dpi resolution, 12pt document base font.
X100 100dpi resolution, 10pt document base font.
X100-12
100dpi resolution, 12pt document base font.
The default device is ps. \ \ \ \
\f[R]\*[@short]\*[@long]\*[@arg]\f[]
Unsafe mode. Reverts to the (old) unsafe behaviour; see option
\)\$* \ \ \ \
\f[R]\*[@short]\*[@long]\*[@arg]\f[]
Output version information of groff and of all programs that are
run by it; that is, the given command line is parsed in the
usual way, passing \)\$* to all subprograms. \ \ \ \
\f[R]\*[@short]\*[@long]\*[@arg]\f[]
Output the pipeline that would be run by groff (as a wrapper
program) on the standard output, but do not execute it. If
given more than once, the commands will be both printed on the
standard error and run. \ \ \ \
\f[R]\*[@short]\*[@long]\*[@arg]\f[]
Use gxditview instead of using the usual postprocessor to
(pre)view a document. The printing spooler behavior as outlined
with options \)\$* and \)\$* is carried over to gxditview(1) by
determining an argument for the -printCommand option of
gxditview(1). This sets the default Print action and the
corresponding menu entry to that value. \)\$* only produces
good results with \)\$* \)\$* \)\$* \)\$* and \)\$* The default
resolution for previewing \)\$* output is 75dpi; this can be
changed by passing the \)\$* option to gxditview, for example
\)\$*
\ \ \ \
\f[R]\*[@short]\*[@long]\*[@arg]\f[]
Suppress output generated by troff. Only error messages will be
printed. \ \ \ \
\f[R]\*[@short]\*[@long]\*[@arg]\f[]
Print the groff intermediate output to standard output; see
groff_out(5). Normally groff calls automatically a
postprocessor. With this option, the output of troff for the
device, the so-called intermediate output is issued without
postprocessing.
Transparent Options
The following options are transparently handed over to the formatter
program troff that is called by groff subsequently. These options are
described in more detail in troff(1). \ \ \ \
\f[R]\*[@short]\*[@long]\*[@arg]\f[]
ascii approximation of output. \ \ \ \
\f[R]\*[@short]\*[@long]\*[@arg]\f[]
backtrace on error or warning. \ \ \ \
\f[R]\*[@short]\*[@long]\*[@arg]\f[]
disable color output. Please consult the grotty(1) man page for
more details. \ \ \ \
\f[R]\*[@short]\*[@long]\*[@arg]\f[]
enable compatibility mode. \ \ \ \
\f[R]\*[@short]\*[@long]\*[@arg]\f[]
\ \ \ \
\f[R]\*[@short]\*[@long]\*[@arg]\f[]
define string. \ \ \ \
\f[R]\*[@short]\*[@long]\*[@arg]\f[]
disable troff error messages. \ \ \ \
\f[R]\*[@short]\*[@long]\*[@arg]\f[]
set default font family. \ \ \ \
\f[R]\*[@short]\*[@long]\*[@arg]\f[]
set path for font DESC files. \ \ \ \
\f[R]\*[@short]\*[@long]\*[@arg]\f[]
process standard input after the specified input files. \ \ \ \
\f[R]\*[@short]\*[@long]\*[@arg]\f[]
include macro file name.tmac (or tmac.name); see also
groff_tmac(5). \ \ \ \
\f[R]\*[@short]\*[@long]\*[@arg]\f[]
path for macro files. \ \ \ \
\f[R]\*[@short]\*[@long]\*[@arg]\f[]
number the first page num. \ \ \ \
\f[R]\*[@short]\*[@long]\*[@arg]\f[]
output only pages in list. \ \ \ \
\f[R]\*[@short]\*[@long]\*[@arg]\f[]
\ \ \ \
\f[R]\*[@short]\*[@long]\*[@arg]\f[]
set number register. \ \ \ \
\f[R]\*[@short]\*[@long]\*[@arg]\f[]
enable warning name. \ \ \ \
\f[R]\*[@short]\*[@long]\*[@arg]\f[]
disable warning name.
USING GROFF
The groff system implements the infrastructure of classical roff; see
roff(7) for a survey on how a roff system works in general. Due to the
front-end programs available within the groff system, using groff is
much easier than classical roff. This section gives an overview of the
parts that constitute the groff system. It complements roff(7) with
groff-specific features. This section can be regarded as a guide to
the documentation around the groff system.
Paper Size
The virtual paper size used by troff to format the input is controlled
globally with the requests .po, .pl, and .ll. See groff_tmac(5) for
the `papersize' macro package which provides a convenient interface.
The physical paper size, giving the actual dimensions of the paper
sheets, is controlled by output devices like grops with the command
line options -p and -l. See groff_font(5) and the man pages of the
output devices for more details. groff uses the command line option -P
to pass options to output devices; for example, the following selects
A4 paper in landscape orientation for the PS device:
groff -Tps -P-pa4 -P-l ...
Front-ends
The groff program is a wrapper around the troff(1) program. It allows
to specify the preprocessors by command line options and automatically
runs the postprocessor that is appropriate for the selected device.
Doing so, the sometimes tedious piping mechanism of classical roff(7)
can be avoided.
The grog(1) program can be used for guessing the correct groff command
line to format a file.
The groffer(1) program is an allround-viewer for groff files and man
pages.
Preprocessors
The groff preprocessors are reimplementations of the classical
preprocessors with moderate extensions. The preprocessors distributed
with the groff package are
eqn(1) for mathematical formulae,
grn(1) for including gremlin(1) pictures,
pic(1) for drawing diagrams,
refer(1)
for bibliographic references,
soelim(1)
for including macro files from standard locations,
and
tbl(1) for tables.
Besides these, there are some internal preprocessors that are
automatically run with some devices. These aren't visible to the user.
Macro Packages
Macro packages can be included by option \)\$* The groff system
implements and extends all classical macro packages in a compatible way
and adds some packages of its own. Actually, the following macro
packages come with groff:
man The traditional man page format; see groff_man(7). It can be
specified on the command line as \)\$* or \)\$* man.
mandoc The general package for man pages; it automatically recognizes
whether the documents uses the man or the mdoc format and
branches to the corresponding macro package. It can be
specified on the command line as \)\$* or \)\$* mandoc.
mdoc The BSD-style man page format; see groff_mdoc(7). It can be
specified on the command line as \)\$* or \)\$* mdoc.
me The classical me document format; see groff_me(7). It can be
specified on the command line as \)\$* or \)\$* me.
mm The classical mm document format; see groff_mm(7). It can be
specified on the command line as \)\$* or \)\$* mm.
ms The classical ms document format; see groff_ms(7). It can be
specified on the command line as \)\$* or \)\$* ms.
www HTML-like macros for inclusion in arbitrary groff documents; see
groff_www(7).
Details on the naming of macro files and their placement can be found
in groff_tmac(5); this man page also documents some other, minor
auxiliary macro packages not mentioned here.
Programming Language
General concepts common to all roff programming languages are described
in roff(7).
The groff extensions to the classical troff language are documented in
groff_diff(7).
The groff language as a whole is described in the (still incomplete)
groff info file; a short (but complete) reference can be found in
groff(7).
Formatters
The central roff formatter within the groff system is troff(1). It
provides the features of both the classical troff and nroff, as well as
the groff extensions. The command line option \)\$* switches troff
into compatibility mode which tries to emulate classical roff as much
as possible.
There is a shell script nroff(1) that emulates the behavior of
classical nroff. It tries to automatically select the proper output
encoding, according to the current locale.
The formatter program generates intermediate output; see groff_out(7).
Devices
In roff, the output targets are called devices. A device can be a
piece of hardware, e.g. a printer, or a software file format. A device
is specified by the option \)\$* The groff devices are as follows.
ascii Text output using the ascii(7) character set.
cp1047 Text output using the EBCDIC code page IBM cp1047 (e.g. OS/390
Unix).
dvi TeX DVI format.
html HTML output.
latin1 Text output using the ISO Latin-1 (ISO 8859-1) character set;
see iso_8859_1(7).
lbp Output for Canon CAPSL printers (LBP-4 and LBP-8 series laser
printers).
lj4 HP LaserJet4-compatible (or other PCL5-compatible) printers.
ps PostScript output; suitable for printers and previewers like
gv(1).
utf8 Text output using the Unicode (ISO 10646) character set with
UTF-8 encoding; see unicode(7).
X75 75dpi X Window System output suitable for the previewers
xditview(1x) and gxditview(1). A variant for a 12pt document
base font is X75-12.
X100 100dpi X Window System output suitable for the previewers
xditview(1x) and gxditview(1). A variant for a 12pt document
base font is X100-12.
The postprocessor to be used for a device is specified by the postpro
command in the device description file; see groff_font(5). This can be
overridden with the -X option.
The default device is ps.
Postprocessors
groff provides 3 hardware postprocessors:
grolbp(1)
for some Canon printers,
grolj4(1)
for printers compatible to the HP LaserJet 4 and PCL5,
grotty(1)
for text output using various encodings, e.g. on text-oriented
terminals or line-printers.
Today, most printing or drawing hardware is handled by the operating
system, by device drivers, or by software interfaces, usually accepting
PostScript. Consequently, there isn't an urgent need for more hardware
device postprocessors.
The groff software devices for conversion into other document file
formats are
grodvi(1)
for the DVI format,
grohtml(1)
for HTML format,
grops(1)
for PostScript.
Combined with the many existing free conversion tools this should be
sufficient to convert a troff document into virtually any existing data
format.
Utilities
The following utility programs around groff are available.
addftinfo(1)
Add information to troff font description files for use with
groff.
afmtodit(1)
Create font description files for PostScript device.
groffer(1)
General viewer program for groff files and man pages.
gxditview(1)
The groff X viewer, the GNU version of xditview.
hpftodit(1)
Create font description files for lj4 device.
indxbib(1)
Make inverted index for bibliographic databases.
lkbib(1)
Search bibliographic databases.
lookbib(1)
Interactively search bibliographic databases.
pfbtops(1)
Translate a PostScript font in .pfb format to ASCII.
tfmtodit(1)
Create font description files for TeX DVI device.
xditview(1x)
roff viewer distributed with X window.
ENVIRONMENT
Normally, the path separator in the following environment variables is
the colon; this may vary depending on the operating system. For
example, DOS and Windows use a semicolon instead.
\%\$1\$2
This search path, followed by \%\$1\$2 will be used for commands
that are executed by groff. If it is not set then the directory
where the groff binaries were installed is prepended to \%\$1\$2
\%\$1\$2
When there is a need to run different roff implementations at
the same time groff provides the facility to prepend a prefix to
most of its programs that could provoke name clashings at run
time (default is to have none). Historically, this prefix was
the character g, but it can be anything. For example, gtroff
stood for groff's troff, gtbl for the groff version of tbl. By
setting \%\$1\$2 to different values, the different roff
installations can be addressed. More exactly, if it is set to
prefix xxx then groff as a wrapper program will internally call
xxxtroff instead of troff. This also applies to the
preprocessors eqn, grn, pic, refer, tbl, soelim, and to the
utilities indxbib and lookbib. This feature does not apply to
any programs different from the ones above (most notably groff
itself) since they are unique to the groff package.
\%\$1\$2
A list of directories in which to search for the devname
directory in addition to the default ones. See troff(1) and
groff_font(5) for more details.
\%\$1\$2
A list of directories in which to search for macro files in
addition to the default directories. See troff(1) and
groff_tmac(5) for more details.
\%\$1\$2
The directory in which temporary files will be created. If this
is not set but the environment variable \%\$1\$2 instead,
temporary files will be created in the directory \%\$1\$2 On MS-
DOS and Windows 32 platforms, the environment variables \%\$1\$2
and \%\$1\$2 (in that order) are searched also, after \%\$1\$2
and \%\$1\$2 Otherwise, temporary files will be created in /tmp.
The refer(1), groffer(1), grohtml(1), and grops(1) commands use
temporary files.
\%\$1\$2
Preset the default device. If this is not set the ps device is
used as default. This device name is overwritten by the option
\)\$*
FILES
There are some directories in which groff installs all of its data
files. Due to different installation habits on different operating
systems, their locations are not absolutely fixed, but their function
is clearly defined and coincides on all systems.
groff Macro Directory
This contains all information related to macro packages. Note that
more than a single directory is searched for those files as documented
in groff_tmac(5). For the groff installation corresponding to this
document, it is located at /usr/share/tmac. The following files
contained in the groff macro directory have a special meaning:
troffrc
Initialization file for troff. This is interpreted by troff
before reading the macro sets and any input.
troffrc-end
Final startup file for troff, it is parsed after all macro sets
have been read.
name.tmac
tmac.name
Macro file for macro package name.
groff Font Directory
This contains all information related to output devices. Note that
more than a single directory is searched for those files; see troff(1).
For the groff installation corresponding to this document, it is
located at /usr/share/groff_font. The following files contained in the
groff font directory have a special meaning:
devname/DESC
Device description file for device name, see groff_font(5).
devname/F
Font file for font F of device name.
EXAMPLES
The following example illustrates the power of the groff program as a
wrapper around troff.
To process a roff file using the preprocessors tbl and pic and the me
macro set, classical troff had to be called by
\)\$*
Using groff, this pipe can be shortened to the equivalent command
\)\$*
An even easier way to call this is to use grog(1) to guess the
preprocessor and macro options and execute the generated command (by
using backquotes to specify shell command substitution)
\)\$*
The simplest way is to view the contents in an automated way by calling
\)\$*
BUGS
On EBCDIC hosts (e.g. OS/390 Unix), output devices ascii and latin1
aren't available. Similarly, output for EBCDIC code page cp1047 is not
available on ASCII based operating systems.
Report bugs to bug-groff@gnu.org. Include a complete, self-contained
example that will allow the bug to be reproduced, and say which version
of groff you are using.
AVAILABILITY
Information on how to get groff and related information is available at
the The most recent released version of groff is available for
anonymous ftp at the
Three groff mailing lists are available:
for reporting bugs,
for general discussion of groff,
a read-only list showing logs of commitments to the CVS repository.
Details on CVS access and much more can be found in the file README at
the top directory of the groff source package.
There is a free implementation of the grap preprocessor, written by The
actual version can be found at the This is the only grap version
supported by groff.
AUTHORS
Copyright (C) 1989, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 Free Software Foundation,
Inc.
This document is distributed under the terms of the FDL (GNU Free
Documentation License) version 1.1 or later. You should have received
a copy of the FDL on your system, it is also available on-line at the
This document is based on the original groff man page written by It was
rewritten, enhanced, and put under the FDL license by Bernd Warken. It
is maintained by
groff is a GNU free software project. All parts of the groff package
are protected by GNU copyleft licenses. The software files are
distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL),
while the documentation files mostly use the GNU Free Documentation
License (FDL).
SEE ALSO
The groff info file contains all information on the groff system within
a single document. Beneath the detailed documentation of all aspects,
it provides examples and background information. See info(1) on how to
read it.
Due to its complex structure, the groff system has many man pages.
They can be read with man(1) or groffer(1).
Introduction, history and further readings:
roff(7).
Viewer for groff files:
groffer(1), gxditview(1), xditview(1x).
Wrapper programs for formatters:
groff(1), grog(1).
Roff preprocessors:
eqn(1), grn(1), pic(1), refer(1), soelim(1), tbl(1), grap(1).
Roff language with the groff extensions:
groff(7), groff_char(7), groff_diff(7), groff_font(5).
Roff formatter programs:
nroff(1), troff(1), ditroff(7).
The intermediate output language: groff_out(7).
Postprocessors for the output devices:
grodvi(1), grohtml(1), grolbp(1), grolj4(1), lj4_font(5),
grops(1), grotty(1).
Groff macro packages and macro-specific utilities:
groff_tmac(5), groff_man(7), groff_mdoc(7), groff_me(7),
groff_mm(7), groff_mmse(7), groff_mom(7), groff_ms(7),
groff_www(7), groff_trace(7), mmroff(7).
The following utilities are available:
addftinfo(1), afmtodit(1), eqn2graph(1), grap2graph(1),
groffer(1), gxditview(1), hpftodit(1), indxbib(1), lookbib(1),
pfbtops(1), pic2graph(1), tfmtodit(1).
Groff Version 1.19.2 September 4, 2005 GROFF(1)