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FIND(1) General Commands Manual FIND(1)
NAME
find - walk a file hierarchy
SYNOPSIS
find [-H | -L | -P] [-dEhsXx] file [file ...] [expression]
find [-H | -L | -P] [-dEhsXx] -f file [file ...] [expression]
DESCRIPTION
find recursively descends the directory tree for each file listed,
evaluating an expression (composed of the "primaries" and "operands"
listed below) in terms of each file in the tree.
The options are as follows:
-H Causes the file information and file type (see stat(2)) returned
for each symbolic link encountered on the command line to be
those of the file referenced by the link, not the link itself.
If the referenced file does not exist, the file information and
type will be for the link itself. File information of all
symbolic links not on the command line is that of the link
itself.
-L Causes the file information and file type (see stat(2)) returned
for each symbolic link to be those of the file referenced by the
link, not the link itself. If the referenced file does not
exist, the file information and type will be for the link itself.
-P Causes the file information and file type (see stat(2)) returned
for each symbolic link to be those of the link itself.
-d Causes find to perform a depth-first traversal, i.e., directories
are visited in post-order, and all entries in a directory will be
acted on before the directory itself. By default, find visits
directories in pre-order, i.e., before their contents. Note, the
default is not a breadth-first traversal.
-E Causes regexp arguments to primaries to be interpreted as
extended regular expressions (see re_format(7)).
-f Specifies a file hierarchy for find to traverse. File
hierarchies may also be specified as the operands immediately
following the options.
-h Causes the file information and file type (see stat(2)) returned
for each symbolic link to be those of the file referenced by the
link, not the link itself. If the referenced file does not
exist, the file information and type will be for the link itself.
-s Causes the entries of each directory to be sorted in
lexicographical order. Note that the sorting is done only inside
of each directory; files in different directories are not sorted.
Therefore, `a/b' appears before `a.b', which is different from
"find ... | sort" order.
-X Modifies the output to permit find to be safely used in
conjunction with xargs(1). If a file name contains any of the
delimiting characters used by xargs(1), a diagnostic message is
displayed on standard error, and the file is skipped. The
delimiting characters include single ("'") and double (""")
quotes, backslash ("\"), space, tab, and newline characters.
Alternatively, the -print0 or -printx primaries can be used to
format the output in a way that xargs(1) can accept.
-x Restricts the search to the file system containing the directory
specified. Does not list mount points to other file systems.
PRIMARIES
All primaries which take a numeric argument of n allow the number to be
preceded by a plus sign ("+") or a minus sign ("-"). A preceding plus
sign means "more than n", a preceding minus sign means "less than n", and
neither means "exactly n". (The argument specified for the -user and
-group primaries are similarly treated if the value is numeric and does
not correspond to a valid user or group name.)
For primaries which take a timestamp argument, the argument must be valid
input to parsedate(3). If the argument contains multiple words, enclose
the argument in quotes.
-amin n
True if the difference between the file last access time and the
time find was started, rounded up to the next full minute, is n
minutes.
-anewer file
True if the current file has a more recent last access time than
file.
-asince timestamp
True if the file last access time is greater than the specified
timestamp.
-atime n
True if the difference between the file last access time and the
time find was started, rounded up to the next full 24-hour
period, is n 24-hour periods.
-cmin n
True if the difference between the time of last change of file
status information and the time find was started, rounded up to
the next full minute, is n minutes.
-cnewer file
True if the current file has a more recent last change time than
file.
-csince timestamp
True if the file last status change time is greater than the
specified timestamp.
-ctime n
True if the difference between the time of last change of file
status information and the time find was started, rounded up to
the next full 24-hour period, is n 24-hour periods.
-delete
Delete found files, symbolic links, and directories. Always
returns true. This executes from the current working directory
as find recurses down the tree. To avoid deleting unexpected
files, it will ignore any filenames that fts(3) returns that
contain a "/" (fts(3) should not return such pathnames). Depth-
first traversal processing is implied by this option. This
primary can also be invoked as -rm.
-empty True if the current file or directory is empty.
-exec utility [argument ...] ;
-exec utility [argument ...] {} +
Execute the specified utility with the specified arguments.
The list of arguments for utility is terminated by a lone
semicolon ";" or plus "+" character as a separate parameter. The
command specified by utility will be executed with its current
working directory being the directory from which find was
executed.
If the list of arguments is terminated by a semicolon (";"), then
utility is invoked once per pathname. If the string "{}" appears
one or more times in the utility name or arguments, then it is
replaced by the pathname of the current file (but it need not
appear, in which case the pathname will not be passed to
utility). The semicolon-terminated form of the -exec primary
returns true if and only if utility exits with a zero exit
status. Note that the semicolon will have to be escaped on the
shell command line in order to be passed as a parameter.
If the list of arguments is terminated by a plus sign ("+"), then
the pathnames for which the primary is evaluated are aggregated
into sets, and utility will be invoked once per set, similar to
xargs(1). In this case the string "{}" must appear, and must
appear as the last item in the argument list, just before the "+"
parameter, and is replaced by the pathnames of the current set of
files. Each set is limited to no more than 5,000 pathnames, and
is also limited such that the total number of bytes in the
argument list does not exceed ARG_MAX. The plus-terminated form
of the -exec primary always returns true. If the plus-terminated
form of the -exec primary results in any invocation of utility
exiting with non-zero exit status, then find will eventually exit
with non-zero status as well, but this does not cause find to
exit early.
-execdir utility [argument ...] ;
The -execdir primary is similar to the semicolon-terminated (";")
variant of the -exec primary, with the exception that utility
will be executed from the directory that holds the current file.
Only the base filename is substituted for the string "{}". Set
aggregation ("+" termination) is not supported.
-exit [status]
This primary causes find to stop traversing the file system and
exit immediately, with the specified numeric exit status. If the
status value is not specified, then find will exit with status
zero. Note that any preceding primaries will be evaluated and
acted upon before exiting.
-false This primary always evaluates to false. This can be used
following a primary that caused the expression to be true to make
the expression to be false. This can be useful after using a
-fprint primary so it can continue to the next expression (using
an -or operator, for example).
-flags [-]flags
If flags are preceded by a dash ("-"), this primary evaluates to
true if at least all of the bits in flags are set in the file's
flags bits. If flags are not preceded by a dash, this primary
evaluates to true if the bits in flags exactly match the file's
flags bits. If flags is "none", files with no flags bits set are
matched. (See chflags(1) for more information about file flags.)
-follow
Follow symbolic links.
-fprint filename
This primary always evaluates to true. This creates filename or
overwrites the file if it already exists. The file is created at
startup. It writes the pathname of the current file to this
file, followed by a newline character. The file will be empty if
no files are matched.
-fstype type
True if the file is contained in a file system of type type. The
sysctl(8) command can be used to find out the types of file
systems that are available on the system:
sysctl vfs.generic.fstypes
In addition, there are two pseudo-types, "local" and "rdonly".
The former matches any file system physically mounted on the
system where the find is being executed, and the latter matches
any file system which is mounted read-only.
-group gname
True if the file belongs to the group gname. If gname is numeric
and there is no such group name, then gname is treated as a group
id (and considered a numeric argument).
-iname pattern
True if the last component of the pathname being examined matches
pattern in a case-insensitive manner. Special shell pattern
matching characters ("[", "]", "*", and "?") may be used as part
of pattern. These characters may be matched explicitly by
escaping them with a backslash ("\").
-inum n
True if the file has inode number n.
-iregex regexp
True if the path name of the current file matches the case-
insensitive basic regular expression (see re_format(7)) regexp.
This is a match on the whole path, not a search for the regular
expression within the path.
-links n
True if the file has n links.
-rm This primary is an alias for -delete.
-ls This primary always evaluates to true. The following information
for the current file is written to standard output: its inode
number, size in 512-byte blocks, file permissions, number of hard
links, owner, group, size in bytes, last modification time, and
pathname. If the file is a block or character special file, the
major and minor numbers will be displayed instead of the size in
bytes. If the file is a symbolic link, the pathname of the
linked-to file will be displayed preceded by "->". The format is
identical to that produced by "ls -dgils".
-maxdepth depth
True if the current search depth is less than or equal to what is
specified in depth.
-mindepth depth
True if the current search depth is at least what is specified in
depth.
-mmin n
True if the difference between the file last modification time
and the time find was started, rounded up to the next full
minute, is n minutes.
-mtime n
True if the difference between the file last modification time
and the time find was started, rounded up to the next full
24-hour period, is n 24-hour periods.
-ok utility [argument ...] ;
The -ok primary is similar to the semicolon-terminated (";")
variant of the -exec primary, with the exception that find
requests user affirmation for the execution of utility by
printing a message to the terminal and reading a response. If
the response is other than "y", the command is not executed and
the -ok primary evaluates to false. Set aggregation ("+"
termination) is not supported.
-name pattern
True if the last component of the pathname being examined matches
pattern. Special shell pattern matching characters ("[", "]",
"*", and "?") may be used as part of pattern. These characters
may be matched explicitly by escaping them with a backslash
("\").
-newer file
True if the current file has a more recent last modification time
than file.
-newerXY reference
For compatibility with Gnu findutils.
findutils find
option equivalent
-neweraa -anewer
-newerat -asince
-newercc -cnewer
-newerct -csince
-newermm -newer
-newermt -since
Other option variants from findutils are not implemented.
-nouser
True if the file belongs to an unknown user.
-nogroup
True if the file belongs to an unknown group.
-path pattern
True if the pathname being examined matches pattern. Special
shell pattern matching characters ("[", "]", "*", and "?") may be
used as part of pattern. These characters may be matched
explicitly by escaping them with a backslash ("\"). Slashes
("/") are treated as normal characters and do not have to be
matched explicitly.
-perm [-]mode
The mode may be either symbolic (see chmod(1)) or an octal
number. If the mode is symbolic, a starting value of zero is
assumed and the mode sets or clears permissions without regard to
the process' file mode creation mask. If the mode is octal, only
bits 07777 (S_ISUID | S_ISGID | S_ISTXT | S_IRWXU | S_IRWXG |
S_IRWXO) of the file's mode bits participate in the comparison.
If the mode is preceded by a dash ("-"), this primary evaluates
to true if at least all of the bits in the mode are set in the
file's mode bits. If the mode is not preceded by a dash, this
primary evaluates to true if the bits in the mode exactly match
the file's mode bits. Note, the first character of a symbolic
mode may not be a dash ("-").
-print This primary always evaluates to true. It prints the pathname of
the current file to standard output, followed by a newline
character. If none of -delete, -exec, -execdir, -exit, -fprint,
-ls, -ok, -print0, -printx, nor -rm is specified, the given
expression shall be effectively replaced by (given expression)
-print.
-print0
This primary always evaluates to true. It prints the pathname of
the current file to standard output, followed by a NUL character.
-printx
This primary always evaluates to true. It prints the pathname of
the current file to standard output, with each space, tab,
newline, backslash, dollar sign, and single, double, or back
quotation mark prefixed by a backslash, so the output of find can
safely be used as input to xargs(1).
-prune This primary always evaluates to true. It causes find to not
descend into the current file. Note, the -prune primary has no
effect if the -d option was specified.
-regex regexp
True if the path name of the current file matches the case-
sensitive basic regular expression (see re_format(7)) regexp.
This is a match on the whole path, not a search for the regular
expression within the path.
-since timestamp
True if the file last modification time is more recent than
timestamp.
-size n[c]
True if the file's size, rounded up, in 512-byte blocks is n. If
n is followed by a "c", then the primary is true if the file's
size is n bytes.
-type t
True if the file is of the specified type. Possible file types
are as follows:
b block special
c character special
d directory
f regular file
l symbolic link
p FIFO
s socket
W whiteout
w whiteout
-user username
True if the file belongs to the user username. If username is
numeric and there is no such user on the system, then username is
treated as a user id (and considered a numeric argument).
-xdev This primary always evaluates to true. It causes find not to
descend past directories that have a different device ID (st_dev,
see stat(2) S5.6.2 [POSIX.1]).
OPERATORS
The primaries may be combined using the following operators. The
operators are listed in order of decreasing precedence.
( expression )
This evaluates to true if the parenthesized expression
evaluates to true.
! expression
-not expression
This is the unary NOT operator. It evaluates to true if
the expression is false.
expression -and expression
expression expression
The -and operator is the logical AND operator. As it is
implied by the juxtaposition of two expressions it does not
have to be specified. The expression evaluates to true if
both expressions are true. The second expression is not
evaluated if the first expression is false.
expression -or expression
The -or operator is the logical OR operator. The
expression evaluates to true if either the first or the
second expression is true. The second expression is not
evaluated if the first expression is true.
All operands and primaries must be separate arguments to find. Primaries
which themselves take arguments expect each argument to be a separate
argument to find.
EXIT STATUS
The find utility normally exits 0 on success, and exits with 1 under
certain internal error conditions. If any invocations of "-exec ... +"
primaries return non-zero exit-status, then find will do so as well.
EXAMPLES
The following examples are shown as given to the shell:
find / \! -name "*.c" -print
Print out a list of all the files whose names do not end in ".c".
find / -newer ttt -user wnj -print
Print out a list of all the files owned by user "wnj" that are
newer than the file "ttt".
find . -type f -mmin -30 -print -or -mindepth 1 -prune
Print out a list of all the files in the current directory that
are newer than 30 minutes.
find . -type f -atime +10 -mindepth 2 -print
Print out a list of all the files in any sub-directories that have
not been accessed in the past ten days.
find . -mtime +90 -exec rm -i {} + -or -mindepth 1 -prune
Interactively remove all of the files in the current directory
that have not been modified in 90 days.
find . -type f -mtime +90 -ok mv {} {}.old \;
Interactively rename all of the files in the current directory and
all sub-directories that have not been modified in 90 days.
find / \! \( -newer ttt -user wnj \) -print
Print out a list of all the files which are not both newer than
"ttt" and owned by "wnj".
find / \( -newer ttt -or -user wnj \) -print
Print out a list of all the files that are either owned by "wnj"
or that are newer than "ttt".
find / \( -newer ttt -or -user wnj \) -exit 1
Return immediately with a value of 1 if any files are found that
are either owned by "wnj" or that are newer than "ttt", but do not
print them.
find / \( -newer ttt -or -user wnj \) -ls -exit 1
Same as above, but list the first file matching the criteria
before exiting with a value of 1.
find . -type f -exec sh -c 'file="$1"; ...;' - {} \;
Perform an arbitrarily complex shell command for every file.
SEE ALSO
chflags(1), chmod(1), locate(1), xargs(1), stat(2), fts(3), getgrent(3),
getpwent(3), strmode(3), re_format(7), symlink(7), sysctl(8)
STANDARDS
The find utility syntax is a superset of the syntax specified by the IEEE
Std 1003.2 ("POSIX.2") standard.
The options, the -amin, -anewer, -asince, -cmin, -cnewer, -csince,
-delete, -empty, -execdir, -follow, -fstype, -iname, -inum, -iregex,
-links, -ls, -maxdepth, -mindepth, -mmin, -path, -print0, -printx,
-regex, -rm, and -since primaries, and the -not operator are extensions
to IEEE Std 1003.2 ("POSIX.2").
Historically, the -d, -h, and -x options were implemented using the
primaries "-depth", "-follow", and "-xdev". These primaries always
evaluated to true, and always took effect when the expression was parsed,
before the file system traversal began. As a result, some legal
expressions could be confusing. For example, in the expression "-print
-or -depth", -print always evaluates to true, so the standard meaning of
-or implies that -depth would never be evaluated, but that is not what
happens; in fact, -depth takes effect immediately, without testing
whether -print returns true or false.
Historically, the operator "-or" was implemented as "-o", and the
operator "-and" was implemented as "-a".
Historic implementations of the "-exec" and "-ok" primaries did not
replace the string "{}" in the utility name or the utility arguments if
it did not appear as a separate argument. This version replaces it no
matter where in the utility name or arguments it appears.
Support for "-exec ... +" is consistent with IEEE PASC Interpretation
1003.2 #210, though the feature originated in SVR4.
The -delete primary does not interact well with other options that cause
the file system tree traversal options to be changed.
HISTORY
A much simpler find command appeared in First Edition AT&T Unix. The
syntax had become similar to the present version by the time of the Fifth
Edition.
BUGS
The special characters used by find are also special characters to many
shell programs. In particular, the characters "*", "[", "]", "?", "(",
")", "!", "\", and ";" may have to be escaped from the shell.
As there is no delimiter separating options and file names or file names
and the expression, it is difficult to specify files named "-xdev" or
"!". These problems are handled by the -f option and the getopt(3) "--"
construct.
NetBSD 10.99 November 1, 2020 NetBSD 10.99