Updated: 2022/Sep/29
Please read Privacy Policy. It's for your privacy.
GRE(4) Device Drivers Manual GRE(4)
NAME
gre - encapsulating network device
SYNOPSIS
pseudo-device gre
DESCRIPTION
The gre network interface pseudo device encapsulates datagrams into IP.
These encapsulated datagrams are routed to a destination host, where they
are decapsulated and further routed to their final destination. The
"tunnel" appears to the inner datagrams as one hop.
gre interfaces are dynamically created and destroyed with the ifconfig(8)
create and destroy subcommands.
This driver currently supports the following modes of operation:
GRE encapsulation (IP protocol number 47)
Encapsulated datagrams are prepended an outer datagram and a GRE
header. The GRE header specifies the type of the encapsulated
datagram and thus allows for tunneling other protocols than IP like
e.g. AppleTalk. GRE mode is also the default tunnel mode on Cisco
routers. This is also the default mode of operation of the greX
interfaces.
GRE in UDP encapsulation
Encapsulated datagrams are prepended a GRE header, and then they are
sent over a UDP socket. Userland may create the socket and
"delegate" it to the kernel using the GRESSOCK ioctl(2). If
userland does not supply a socket, then the kernel will create one
using the addresses and ports supplied by ioctl(2)s SIOCSLIFPHYADDR,
GRESADDRD, and/or GRESADDRS.
MOBILE encapsulation (IP protocol number 55)
Datagrams are encapsulated into IP, but with a shorter
encapsulation. The original IP header is modified and the
modifications are inserted between the so modified header and the
original payload. Like gif(4), only for IP in IP encapsulation.
The greX interfaces support a number of ioctl(2)s, such as:
GRESADDRS:
Set the IP address of the local tunnel end. This is the source
address set by or displayed by ifconfig for the greX interface.
GRESADDRD:
Set the IP address of the remote tunnel end. This is the
destination address set by or displayed by ifconfig for the greX
interface.
GREGADDRS:
Query the IP address that is set for the local tunnel end. This is
the address the encapsulation header carries as local address (i.e.
the real address of the tunnel start point.)
GREGADDRD:
Query the IP address that is set for the remote tunnel end. This is
the address the encapsulated packets are sent to (i.e. the real
address of the remote tunnel endpoint.)
GRESPROTO:
Set the operation mode to the specified IP protocol value. The
protocol is passed to the interface in (struct ifreq)->ifr_flags.
The operation mode can also be given as
link0 link2
IPPROTO_UDP
link0 -link2
IPPROTO_GRE
-link0 -link2
IPPROTO_MOBILE
to ifconfig(8).
GREGPROTO:
Query operation mode.
GRESSOCK:
Delegate a socket from userland to a tunnel interface in UDP
encapsulation mode. The file descriptor for the socket is passed in
(struct ifreq)->ifr_value.
Note that the IP addresses of the tunnel endpoints may be the same as the
ones defined with ifconfig(8) for the interface (as if IP is
encapsulated), but need not be, as e.g. when encapsulating AppleTalk.
EXAMPLES
Example 1: Basic GRE tunneling
Configuration example:
Host X-- Router A --------------tunnel---------- Router D ----Host E
| |
\ /
+----- Router B ----- Router C --------+
On Router A (NetBSD):
# route add default B
# ifconfig greN create
# ifconfig greN A D netmask 0xffffffff linkX up
# ifconfig greN tunnel A D
# route add E D
On Router D (Cisco):
Interface TunnelX
ip unnumbered D ! e.g. address from Ethernet interface
tunnel source D ! e.g. address from Ethernet interface
tunnel destination A
ip route C <some interface and mask>
ip route A mask C
ip route X mask tunnelX
or on Router D (NetBSD):
# route add default C
# ifconfig greN create
# ifconfig greN D A
# ifconfig tunnel greN D A
If all goes well, you should see packets flowing ;-)
If you want to reach Router A over the tunnel (from Router D (Cisco)),
then you have to have an alias on Router A for e.g. the Ethernet
interface like:
ifconfig <etherif> alias Y
and on the Cisco
ip route Y mask tunnelX
Example 2: Linking private subnets
A similar setup can be used to create a link between two private networks
(for example in the 192.168 subnet) over the Internet:
192.168.1.* --- Router A -------tunnel-------- Router B --- 192.168.2.*
\ /
\ /
+----- the Internet ------+
Assuming Router A has the (external) IP address A and the internal
address 192.168.1.1, while Router B has external address B and internal
address 192.168.2.1, the following commands will configure the tunnel:
On Router A:
# ifconfig greN create
# ifconfig greN 192.168.1.1 192.168.2.1
# ifconfig greN tunnel A B
# route add -net 192.168.2 -netmask 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.1
On Router B:
# ifconfig greN create
# ifconfig greN 192.168.2.1 192.168.1.1
# ifconfig greN tunnel B A
# route add -net 192.168.1 -netmask 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.1
Example 3: Encapsulating GRE in UDP
To setup the same tunnel as above, but using GRE in UDP encapsulation
instead of GRE encapsulation, set flags link0 and link2, and specify
source and destination UDP ports.
On Router A:
# ifconfig greN create
# ifconfig greN link0 link2
# ifconfig greN 192.168.1.1 192.168.2.1
# ifconfig greN tunnel A,port-A B,port-B
# route add -net 192.168.2 -netmask 255.255.255.0 192.168.2.1
On Router B:
# ifconfig greN create
# ifconfig greN link0 link2
# ifconfig greN 192.168.2.1 192.168.1.1
# ifconfig greN tunnel B,port-B A,port-A
# route add -net 192.168.1 -netmask 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.1
Example 4: Realizing IPv6 connectivity
Along these lines, you can use GRE tunnels to interconnect two IPv6
networks over an IPv4 infrastructure, or to hook up to the IPv6 internet
via an IPv4 tunnel to a Cisco router.
2001:db8:1::/64 -- NetBSD A ---- Tunnel ---- Cisco B --- IPv6 Internet
\ /
\ /
+------ the Internet ------+
The example will use the following addressing:
NetBSD A has the IPv4 address A and the IPv6 address 2001:db8:1::1
(connects to internal network 2001:db8:1::/64).
Cisco B has external IPv4 address B.
All the IPv6 internet world is behind B, so A wants to route 0::0/0 (the
IPv6 default route) into the tunnel.
The GRE tunnel will use a transit network: 2001:db8:ffff::1/64 on the
NetBSD side, and ::2/64 on the Cisco side.
Then the following commands will configure the tunnel:
On Router A (NetBSD):
# ifconfig greN create
# ifconfig greN inet6 2001:db8:ffff::1/64
# ifconfig greN tunnel A B
# route add -inet6 2001:db8:ffff::/64 2001:db8:ffff::2 -ifp greN
# route add -inet6 0::0/0 2001:db8:ffff::2 -ifp greN
On Router B (Cisco):
Interface TunnelX
tunnel mode gre ip
ipv6 address 2001:db8:ffff::2/64 ! transfer network
tunnel source B ! e.g. address from LAN interface
tunnel destination A ! where the tunnel is connected to
ipv6 route 2001:db8::/64 TunnelX ! route this network through tunnel
NOTES
The MTU of greX interfaces is set to 1476 by default to match the value
used by Cisco routers. This may not be an optimal value, depending on
the link between the two tunnel endpoints. It can be adjusted via
ifconfig(8).
There needs to be a route to the decapsulating host that does not run
over the tunnel, as this would be a loop. (This is not relevant for
IPv6-over-IPv4 tunnels, of course.)
In order to tell ifconfig(8) to actually mark the interface as up, the
keyword "up" must be given last on its command line.
The kernel must be set to forward datagrams by either option GATEWAY in
the kernel config file or by issuing the appropriate option to sysctl(8).
SEE ALSO
atalk(4), gif(4), inet(4), ip(4), netintro(4), options(4), protocols(5),
ifconfig(8), sysctl(8)
A description of GRE encapsulation can be found in RFC 1701 and RFC 1702.
A description of MOBILE encapsulation can be found in RFC 2004.
AUTHORS
Heiko W.Rupp <hwr@pilhuhn.de>
David Young <dyoung@NetBSD.org> (GRE in UDP encapsulation, bug fixes)
BUGS
The GRE RFCs are not yet fully implemented (no GRE options).
The MOBILE encapsulation appears to have been broken since it was first
added to NetBSD, until August 2006. It is known to interoperate with
another gre in MOBILE mode, however, it has not been tested for
interoperability with any other implementation of RFC 2004.
The NetBSD base system does not (yet) contain a daemon for automatically
establishing a UDP tunnel between a host behind a NAT router and a host
on the Internet.
NetBSD 10.99 January 4, 2009 NetBSD 10.99