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RASCTL(2)                     System Calls Manual                    RASCTL(2)

NAME
     rasctl - restartable atomic sequences

LIBRARY
     Standard C Library (libc, -lc)

SYNOPSIS
     #include <sys/types.h>
     #include <sys/ras.h>

     int
     rasctl(void *addr, size_t len, int op);

DESCRIPTION
     Restartable atomic sequences are code sequences which are guaranteed to
     execute without preemption.  This property is assured by the kernel by
     re-executing a preempted sequence from the start.  This functionality
     enables applications to build atomic sequences which, when executed to
     completion, will have executed atomically.  Restartable atomic sequences
     are intended to be used on systems that do not have hardware support for
     low-overhead atomic primitives.

     The rasctl function manipulates a process's set of restartable atomic
     sequences.  If a restartable atomic sequence is registered and the
     process is preempted within the range addr and addr+len, then the process
     is resumed at addr.

     As the process execution can be rolled-back, the code in the sequence
     should have no side effects other than a final store at addr+len-1.  The
     kernel does not guarantee that the sequences are successfully
     restartable.  It assumes that the application knows what it is doing.
     Restartable atomic sequences should adhere to the following guidelines:

     ⊕   have a single entry point and a single exit point;
     ⊕   not execute emulated instructions; and
     ⊕   not invoke any functions or system calls.

     Restartable atomic sequences are inherited from the parent by the child
     during the fork(2) operation.  Restartable atomic sequences for a process
     are removed during exec(3).

     The operations that can be applied to a restartable atomic sequence are
     specified by the op argument.  Possible operations are:

     RAS_INSTALL       Install this sequence.
     RAS_PURGE         Remove the specified registered sequence for this
                       process.
     RAS_PURGE_ALL     Remove all registered sequences for this process.

     The RAS_PURGE and RAS_PURGE_ALL operations should be considered to have
     undefined behaviour if there are any other runnable threads in the
     address space which might be executing within the restartable atomic
     sequence(s) at the time of the purge.  The caller must be responsible for
     ensuring that there is some form of coordination with other threads to
     prevent unexpected behaviour.

     To preserve the atomicity of sequences, the kernel attempts to protect
     the sequences from alteration by the ptrace(2) facility.

RETURN VALUES
     Upon successful completion, rasctl() returns zero.  Otherwise, -1 is
     returned and errno is set to indicate the error.

ERRORS
     The rasctl function will fail if:

     [EINVAL]           Invalid input was supplied, such as an invalid
                        operation, an invalid address, or an invalid length.
                        A process may have a finite number of atomic sequences
                        that is defined at compile time.

     [EOPNOTSUPP]       Restartable atomic sequences are not supported by the
                        kernel.

     [ESRCH]            Restartable atomic sequence not registered.

SEE ALSO
     ptrace(2)

HISTORY
     The rasctl functionality first appeared in NetBSD 2.0 based on a similar
     interface that appeared in Mach 2.5.

CAVEATS
     Modern compilers reorder instruction sequences to optimize speed.  The
     start address and size of a RAS need to be protected against this.  One
     level of protection is created by compiler dependent instructions,
     abstracted from user level code via the following macros:

     RAS_DECL(name)   Declares the start and end labels used internally by the
                      other macros to mark a RAS.  The name uniquely
                      identifies the RAS.

     RAS_START(name)  Marks the start of the code.  Each restart returns to
                      the instruction following this macro.

     RAS_END(name)    Marks the end of the restartable code.

     RAS_ADDR(name)   Returns the start address of a RAS and is used to create
                      the first argument to rasctl.

     RAS_SIZE(name)   Returns the size of a RAS and is used as second argument
                      to rasctl.
     Recent versions of gcc(1) require the -fno-reorder-blocks flag to prevent
     blocks of code wrapped with RAS_START/RAS_END being moved outside these
     labels.  However, be aware that this may not always be sufficient to
     prevent gcc(1) from generating non-restartable code within the RAS due to
     register clobbers.  It is, therefore, strongly recommended that
     restartable atomic sequences are coded in assembly.  RAS blocks within
     assembly code can be specified by using the following macros:

     RAS_START_ASM(name)         Similar to RAS_START but for use in assembly
                                 source code.

     RAS_END_ASM(name)           Similar to RAS_END but for use in assembly
                                 source code.

     RAS_START_ASM_HIDDEN(name)  Similar to RAS_START_ASM except that the
                                 symbol will not be placed in the dynamic
                                 symbol table.

     RAS_END_ASM_HIDDEN(name)    Similar to RAS_END_ASM except that the symbol
                                 will not be placed in the dynamic symbol
                                 table.

NetBSD 10.99                    April 29, 2008                    NetBSD 10.99