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WRITE(2) System Calls Manual WRITE(2)
NAME
write, writev, pwrite, pwritev - write output
LIBRARY
Standard C Library (libc, -lc)
SYNOPSIS
#include <unistd.h>
ssize_t
write(int d, const void *buf, size_t nbytes);
ssize_t
pwrite(int d, const void *buf, size_t nbytes, off_t offset);
#include <sys/uio.h>
ssize_t
writev(int d, const struct iovec *iov, int iovcnt);
ssize_t
pwritev(int d, const struct iovec *iov, int iovcnt, off_t offset);
DESCRIPTION
write() attempts to write nbytes of data to the object referenced by the
descriptor d from the buffer pointed to by buf. writev() performs the
same action, but gathers the output data from the iovcnt buffers
specified by the members of the iov array: iov[0], iov[1], ...,
iov[iovcnt-1]. pwrite() and pwritev() perform the same functions, but
write to the specified position in the file without modifying the file
pointer.
For writev() and pwritev(), the iovec structure is defined as:
struct iovec {
void *iov_base;
size_t iov_len;
};
Each iovec entry specifies the base address and length of an area in
memory from which data should be written. writev() and pwritev() will
always write a complete area before proceeding to the next.
On objects capable of seeking, the write() starts at a position given by
the pointer associated with d (see lseek(2)). Upon return from write(),
the pointer is incremented by the number of bytes which were written.
Objects that are not capable of seeking always write from the current
position. The value of the pointer associated with such an object is
undefined.
If the real user is not the super-user, then write() clears the set-user-
id bit on the file. This prevents penetration of system security by a
user who "captures" a writable set-user-id file owned by the super-user.
If write() succeeds it will update the st_ctime and st_mtime fields of
the file's meta-data (see stat(2)).
When using non-blocking I/O on objects such as sockets that are subject
to flow control, write() and writev() may write fewer bytes than
requested; the return value must be noted, and the remainder of the
operation should be retried when possible.
RETURN VALUES
Upon successful completion the number of bytes which were written is
returned. Otherwise -1 is returned and the global variable errno is set
to indicate the error.
ERRORS
write(), writev(), pwrite(), and pwritev() will fail and the file pointer
will remain unchanged if:
[EAGAIN] The file was marked for non-blocking I/O, and no data
could be written immediately.
[EBADF] d is not a valid descriptor open for writing.
[EDQUOT] The user's quota of disk blocks on the file system
containing the file has been exhausted.
[EFAULT] Part of iov or data to be written to the file points
outside the process's allocated address space.
[EFBIG] An attempt was made to write a file that exceeds the
process's file size limit or the maximum file size.
[EINTR] A signal was received before any data could be written
to a slow device. See sigaction(2) for more
information on the interaction between signals and
system calls.
[EINVAL] The pointer associated with d was negative; or the
total length of the I/O is more than can be expressed
by the ssize_t return value.
[EIO] An I/O error occurred while reading from or writing to
the file system.
[ENOSPC] There is no free space remaining on the file system
containing the file.
[EPIPE] An attempt is made to write to a pipe that is not open
for reading by any process; or an attempt is made to
write to a socket of type SOCK_STREAM that is not
connected to a peer socket.
In addition, writev() and pwritev() may return one of the following
errors:
[EINVAL] iovcnt was less than or equal to 0, or greater than
{IOV_MAX}; or one of the iov_len values in the iov
array was negative; or the sum of the iov_len values
in the iov array overflowed a 32-bit integer.
The pwrite() and pwritev() calls may also return the following errors:
[EINVAL] The specified file offset is invalid.
[ESPIPE] The file descriptor is associated with a pipe, socket,
or FIFO.
SEE ALSO
fcntl(2), lseek(2), open(2), pipe(2), poll(2), select(2), sigaction(2)
STANDARDS
The write() function is expected to conform to IEEE Std 1003.1-1988
("POSIX.1"). The writev() and pwrite() functions conform to X/Open
Portability Guide Issue 4, Version 2 ("XPG4.2").
HISTORY
The pwritev() function call appeared in NetBSD 1.4. The pwrite()
function call appeared in AT&T System V Release 4 UNIX. The writev()
function call appeared in 4.2BSD. The write() function call appeared in
Version 1 AT&T UNIX.
CAVEATS
Error checks should explicitly test for -1. Code such as
while ((nr = write(fd, buf, sizeof(buf))) > 0)
is not maximally portable, as some platforms allow for nbytes to range
between SSIZE_MAX and SIZE_MAX - 2, in which case the return value of an
error-free write() may appear as a negative number distinct from -1.
Proper loops should use
while ((nr = write(fd, buf, sizeof(buf))) != -1 && nr != 0)
NetBSD 10.99 September 2, 2019 NetBSD 10.99