Updated: 2022/Sep/29

Please read Privacy Policy. It's for your privacy.

MTIO(4)                      Device Drivers Manual                     MTIO(4)

NAME
     mtio - generic magnetic tape I/O interface

SYNOPSIS
     #include <sys/ioctl.h>
     #include <sys/types.h>
     #include <sys/mtio.h>

DESCRIPTION
     Magnetic tape has been the computer system backup and data transfer
     medium of choice for decades, because it has historically been cheaper in
     cost per bit stored, and the formats have been designed for portability
     and storage.  However, tape drives have generally been the slowest mass
     storage devices attached to any computer system.

     Magnetic tape comes in a wide variety of formats, from classic 9-track,
     through various Quarter Inch Cartridge (QIC) variants, to more modern
     systems using 8mm video tape, and Digital Audio Tape (DAT).  There have
     also been a variety of proprietary tape systems, including DECtape, and
     IBM 3480.

   UNIX TAPE I/O
     Regardless of the specific characteristics of the particular tape
     transport mechanism (tape drive), UNIX tape I/O has two interfaces:
     "block" and "raw".  I/O through the block interface of a tape device is
     similar to I/O through the block special device for a disk driver: the
     individual read(2) and write(2) calls can be done in any amount of bytes,
     but all data is buffered through the system buffer cache, and I/O to the
     device is done in 1024 byte sized blocks.  This limitation is
     sufficiently restrictive that the block interface to tape devices is
     rarely used.

     The "raw" interface differs in that all I/O can be done in arbitrary
     sized blocks, within the limitations for the specific device and device
     driver, and all I/O is synchronous.  This is the most flexible interface,
     but since there is very little that is handled automatically by the
     kernel, user programs must implement specific magnetic tape handling
     routines, which puts the onus of correctness on the application
     programmer.

   DEVICE NAME CONVENTIONS
     Each magnetic tape subsystem has a couple of special devices associated
     with it.

     The block device is usually named for the driver, e.g.  /dev/st0 for unit
     zero of a st(4) SCSI tape drive.

     The raw device name is the block device name with an "r" prepended, e.g.
     /dev/rst0.

     By default, the tape driver will rewind the tape drive when the device is
     closed.  To make it possible for multiple program invocations to
     sequentially write multiple files on the same tape, a "no rewind on
     close" device is provided, denoted by the letter "n" prepended to the
     name of the device, e.g.  /dev/nst0, /dev/nrst0.

     The mt(1) command can be used to explicitly rewind, or otherwise position
     a tape at a particular point with the no-rewind device.

   FILE MARK HANDLING
     Two end-of-file (EOF) markers mark the end of a tape (EOT), and one end-
     of-file marker marks the end of a tape file.

     By default, the tape driver will write two End Of File (EOF) marks and
     rewind the tape when the device is closed after the last write.

     If the tape is not to be rewound it is positioned with the head in
     between the two tape marks, where the next write will over write the
     second end-of-file marker.

     All of the magnetic tape devices may be manipulated with the mt(1)
     command.

     A number of ioctl(2) operations are available on raw magnetic tape.
     Please see <sys/mtio.h> for their definitions.

     The manual pages for specific tape device drivers should list their
     particular capabilities and limitations.

SEE ALSO
     dd(1), mt(1), pax(1), tar(1), st(4), wt(4)

HISTORY
     The mtio manual appeared in 4.2BSD.

BUGS
     The status should be returned in a device independent format.

     If and when NetBSD is updated to deal with non-512 byte per sector disk
     media through the system buffer cache, perhaps a more sane tape interface
     can be implemented.

NetBSD 10.99                   January 14, 1999                   NetBSD 10.99