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NEWFS(8) System Manager's Manual NEWFS(8)
NAME
newfs - construct a new file system
SYNOPSIS
newfs [-FGINZ] [-a maxcontig] [-B byte-order] [-b block-size]
[-d maxbsize] [-e maxbpg] [-f frag-size] [-g avgfilesize]
[-h avgfpdir] [-i bytes-per-inode] [-m free-space] [-n inodes]
[-O filesystem-format] [-o optimization] [-q quota]
[-S sector-size] [-s size] [-T disk-type] [-v volname] [-V verbose]
special
DESCRIPTION
newfs is used to initialize and clear file systems before first use.
Before running newfs the disk must be labeled using disklabel(8). newfs
builds a file system on the specified special device basing its defaults
on the information in the disk label. Typically the defaults are
reasonable, however newfs has numerous options to allow the defaults to
be selectively overridden.
Options with numeric arguments may contain an optional (case-insensitive)
suffix:
b Bytes; causes no modification. (Default)
k Kilo; multiply the argument by 1024.
m Mega; multiply the argument by 1048576.
g Giga; multiply the argument by 1073741824.
t Tera; multiply the argument by 1099511627776.
The following options define the general layout policies.
-a maxcontig
This sets the obsolete maxcontig parameter.
-B byte-order
Specify the metadata byte order of the file system to be
created. Valid byte orders are `be' and `le'. If no byte
order is specified, the file system is created in host byte
order.
-b block-size
The block size of the file system, in bytes. It must be a
power of two. The smallest allowable size is 4096 bytes.
The default size depends upon the size of the file system:
file system size block-size
< 20 MB 4 KB
< 1000 MB 8 KB
< 128 GB 16 KB
>= 128 GB 32 KB
-d maxbsize
Set the maximum extent size to maxbsize.
-e maxbpg This indicates the maximum number of blocks any single file
can allocate out of a cylinder group before it is forced to
begin allocating blocks from another cylinder group. The
default is about one quarter of the total blocks in a
cylinder group. See tunefs(8) for more details on how to set
this option.
-F Create a file system image in special. The file system size
needs to be specified with "-s size". No attempts to use or
update the disk label will be made.
-f frag-size
The fragment size of the file system in bytes. It must be a
power of two ranging in value between block-size/8 and
block-size. The optimal block-size:frag-size ratio is 8:1.
Other ratios are possible, but are not recommended, and may
produce unpredictable results. The default size depends upon
the size of the file system:
file system size frag-size
< 20 MB 0.5 KB
< 1000 MB 1 KB
< 128 GB 2 KB
>= 128 GB 4 KB
-G Treat garbage parameters as non-fatal. Using this option may
result in a file system which causes a kernel panic and
should only be used for testing.
-g avgfilesize
The expected average file size for the file system.
-h avgfpdir
The expected average number of files per directory on the
file system.
-I Do not require that the file system type listed in the disk
label is `4.2BSD' or `Apple UFS'.
-i bytes-per-inode
This specifies the density of inodes in the file system. If
fewer inodes are desired, a larger number should be used; to
create more inodes a smaller number should be given. The
default is to create an inode for every (4 * frag-size) bytes
of data space:
file system size bytes-per-inode
< 20 MB 2 KB
< 1000 MB 4 KB
< 128 GB 8 KB
>= 128 GB 16 KB
-m free-space
The percentage of space reserved from normal users; the
minimum free space threshold. The default value used is 5%.
See tunefs(8) for more details on how to set this option.
-N Causes the file system parameters to be printed out without
really creating the file system.
-n inodes This specifies the number of inodes for the filesystem. If
both -i and -n are specified then -n takes precedence.
-O filesystem-format
Select the filesystem-format.
0 4.3BSD; This option is primarily used to build
root file systems that can be understood by older
boot ROMs. This generates an FFSv1 file system
with level 1 format.
1 FFSv1; normal Fast File System, level 4 format.
Also known as `FFS', `UFS', or `UFS1'. This is
the default.
2 FFSv2; enhanced Fast File System, suited for more
than 1 Terabyte capacity. This is also known as
`UFS2'.
2ea FFSv2 plus support for extended attributes and
access control lists.
See fsck_ffs(8) for more information about format levels.
To create an LFS filesystem see newfs_lfs(8). To create a
Linux ext2 filesystem see newfs_ext2fs(8).
-o optimization
Optimization preference; either "space" or "time". The file
system can either be instructed to try to minimize the time
spent allocating blocks, or to try to minimize the space
fragmentation on the disk. If the value of minfree (see
above) is less than 5%, the default is to optimize for space;
if the value of minfree is greater than or equal to 5%, the
default is to optimize for time. See tunefs(8) for more
details on how to set this option.
-q quota enable a quota. quota can be one of user or group to enable
the specified quota type. Multiple -q can be used to enable
all types at once.
-s size The size of the file system in sectors. An `s' suffix will
be interpreted as the number of sectors (the default). All
other suffixes are interpreted as per other numeric
arguments, except that the number is converted into sectors
by dividing by the sector size (as specified by -S secsize)
after suffix interpretation.
If no -s size is specified then the filesystem size defaults
to that of the partition, or, if -F is specified, the
existing file.
If size is negative the specified size is subtracted from the
default size (reserving space at the end of the partition).
-T disk-type
Uses information for the specified disk from /etc/disktab
instead of trying to get the information from the disk label.
-V verbose This controls the amount of information written to stdout:
0 No output.
1 Overall size and cylinder group details.
2 A progress bar (dots ending at right hand margin).
3 The first few super-block backup sector numbers
are displayed before the progress bar.
4 All the super-block backup sector numbers are
displayed (no progress bar).
The default is 3. If -N is specified newfs stops before
outputting the progress bar.
-v volname This specifies that an Apple UFS filesystem should be created
with the given volume name.
-Z Pre-zeros the file system image created with -F.
The following option overrides the standard sizes for the disk geometry.
The default value is taken from the disk label. Changing this default is
useful only when using newfs to build a file system whose raw image will
eventually be used on a different type of disk than the one on which it
is initially created (for example on a write-once disk). Note that
changing this value from its default will make it impossible for
fsck_ffs(8) to find the alternative superblocks if the standard
superblock is lost.
-S sector-size
The size of a sector in bytes (almost never anything but
512). Defaults to 512.
NOTES
The file system is created with `random' inode generation numbers to
improve NFS security.
The owner and group IDs of the root node of the new file system are set
to the effective UID and GID of the user initializing the file system.
For the newfs command to succeed, the disk label should first be updated
such that the fstype field for the partition is set to `4.2BSD' or `Apple
UFS', unless -F or -I is used.
To create and populate a filesystem image within a file use the makefs(8)
utility.
The partition size is found using fstat(2), not by inspecting the disk
label. The block size and fragment size will be written back to the disk
label only if the last character of special references the same partition
as the minor device number.
Unless -F is specified, special must be a raw device. This means that
for example wd0a or /dev/rwd0a must be specified instead of /dev/wd0a.
SEE ALSO
fstat(2), disktab(5), fs(5), disklabel(8), diskpart(8), dumpfs(8),
fsck_ffs(8), makefs(8), mount(8), mount_mfs(8), newfs_ext2fs(8),
newfs_lfs(8), newfs_msdos(8), tunefs(8)
M. McKusick, W. Joy, S. Leffler, and R. Fabry, "A Fast File System for
UNIX,", ACM Transactions on Computer Systems 2, 3, pp 181-197, August
1984, (reprinted in the BSD System Manager's Manual).
M. McKusick, "Enhancements to the fast filesystem to support multi-
terabyte storage systems", Proceedings of the BSD Conference 2003, pp
79-90, September 2003.
HISTORY
The newfs command appeared in 4.2BSD.
NetBSD 10.99 April 13, 2019 NetBSD 10.99